PENGAWASAN MASSAL BERBASIS AI (FACIAL RECOGNITION) OLEH NEGARA DAN IMPUNITAS TERHADAP HAK ATAS PRIVASI DIGITAL: KAJIAN YURIDIS, SOSIOLOGIS, DAN FILOSOFIS

Abstract

ABSTRACT

The development of Facial Recognition Technology (FRT) in public services and law enforcement offers benefits for identification efficiency, while simultaneously raising concerns regarding biometric data protection, privacy, and civil liberties. These concerns become more complex when processing is conducted extensively and automatically without clear limits on governmental authority or adequate oversight. This study aims to analyze the limits of state authority in using FRT under Law Number 27 of 2022 on Personal Data Protection (PDP Law), as well as its social and philosophical implications for freedom, autonomy, and human dignity. The study employs normative legal research as its primary design, complemented by a socio-legal approach based on literature and documentary analysis and a legal philosophy approach. Legal materials are analyzed using the Siracusa Principles and the proportionality test, while social implications are examined through the concepts of the Chilling Effect and Digital Panopticon. The findings show that biometric data constitutes specific Personal Data, while extensive and indiscriminate FRT use requires stronger legal grounds, legitimate purposes, necessity, proportionality, and safeguards. Indiscriminate use without adequate oversight potentially restricts privacy and civil liberties. The study recommends strengthening independent oversight, algorithmic audits, transparency, retention limits, and effective remedies.

ABSTRAK

Perkembangan Facial Recognition Technology (FRT) dalam layanan publik dan penegakan hukum menghadirkan manfaat bagi efisiensi identifikasi, tetapi sekaligus menimbulkan persoalan pelindungan data biometrik, privasi, dan kebebasan sipil. Persoalan menjadi semakin kompleks ketika pemrosesan dilakukan secara luas, otomatis, dan tanpa batas kewenangan serta pengawasan yang memadai. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis batas kewenangan negara dalam penggunaan FRT berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 27 Tahun 2022 tentang Pelindungan Data Pribadi (UU PDP), serta mengkaji implikasi sosial dan filosofisnya terhadap kebebasan, otonomi, dan martabat manusia. Penelitian menggunakan penelitian hukum normatif sebagai desain utama dengan pendekatan socio-legal berbasis studi kepustakaan dan pendekatan filsafat hukum. Bahan hukum dianalisis menggunakan Siracusa Principles dan proportionality test, sedangkan implikasi sosial dikaji melalui konsep Chilling Effect dan Digital Panopticon. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa data biometrik merupakan Data Pribadi yang bersifat spesifik, sementara penggunaan FRT yang luas dan tidak terarah memerlukan dasar hukum, tujuan, kebutuhan, proporsionalitas, serta safeguards yang lebih kuat. Penggunaan indiscriminate tanpa pengawasan memadai berpotensi membatasi privasi dan kebebasan sipil. Penelitian merekomendasikan penguatan pengawasan independen, audit algoritma, transparansi, pembatasan retensi, dan mekanisme pemulihan.