PATOLOGI KOGNITIF DALAM KEPEMIMPINAN PUBLIK: SINTESIS TEORI PILIHAN RASIONAL, BIAS KOGNITIF, EFEK DUNNING-KRUGER, DAN HUBRIS SYNDROME TERHADAP TATA KELOLA NEGARA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51878/paedagogy.v6i4.15889Keywords:
Pilihan Rasional, Bias Kognitif, Efek Dunning-Kruger, Hubris Syndrome, Kepemimpinan Publik, Tata Kelola Negara.Abstract
Modern state governance demands a leadership model that is competent, logical, and adaptive to public dynamics. The traditional normative paradigm of public administration is rooted in Rational Choice Theory, which projects leaders as calculative actors capable of generating optimal public policies through cost-benefit analysis. However, empirical reality reveals widespread policy anomalies detrimental to the public due to psychological distortions among authority holders. This article offers a comprehensive conceptual study synthesizing Rational Choice Theory with three layers of cognitive dysfunction: cognitive bias, the Dunning-Kruger effect, and hubris syndrome. Employing a descriptive qualitative method based on literature review and conceptual synthesis, this study unpacks how unchecked power distorts leaders' metacognitive capacities. The findings demonstrate that institutional power without oversight shifts the orientation of rational choice from public utility maximization to personal ego maximization. This condition triggers the neglect of scientific data, the erosion of institutional checks and balances, and the formulation of irrational policies. This article recommends restructuring institutional governance by implementing cognitive guardrails to mitigate the risk of policy decay from within the center of power.
ABSTRAK
Tata kelola negara modern menuntut model kepemimpinan yang cakap, logis, dan adaptif terhadap dinamika publik. Paradigma normatif administrasi publik lama berakar pada Teori Pilihan Rasional (Rational Choice Theory), yang memproyeksikan pemimpin sebagai aktor kalkulatif yang mampu menghasilkan kebijakan publik optimal melalui analisis biaya-manfaat. Namun, realitas empiris menunjukkan maraknya anomali kebijakan yang merugikan publik akibat distorsi psikologis para pemegang otoritas. Artikel ini menawarkan studi konseptual komprehensif yang menyintesiskan Teori Pilihan Rasional dengan tiga lapis disfungsi kognitif: bias kognitif, efek Dunning-Kruger, dan hubris syndrome. Menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif berbasis studi kepustakaan dan sintesis konseptual, penelitian ini membongkar bagaimana kekuasaan mendistorsi kapasitas metakognitif pemimpin. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa interaksi kekuasaan yang tidak terkendali secara institusional mengubah orientasi pilihan rasional dari pemaksimalan kemanfaatan publik menjadi pemaksimalan ego personal. Keadaan ini berlanjut pada pengabaian data ilmiah, pelemahan sistem pengawasan berimbang (checks and balances), serta pembentukan kebijakan yang tidak rasional. Artikel ini merekomendasikan restrukturisasi tata kelola kelembagaan negara melalui penerapan pagar pembatas kognitif (cognitive guardrails) guna memitigasi risiko pembusukan kebijakan dari dalam pusat kekuasaan.
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