KOPERASI DESA MERAH PUTIH DAN KEMANDIRIAN DESA DI INDONESIA: TINJAUAN GOVERNANCE DALAM PENGUATAN EKONOMI LOKAL

Abstract

Post-enactment of the Village Law in Indonesia, rural development has undergone transformation through strengthened village authority, fiscal decentralization, and local resource utilization; however, genuine village self-reliance continues to face critical structural challenges, including chronic dependence on intergovernmental fiscal transfers, restricted capital access, low added value of agrarian commodities, and fragile economic governance. This article aims to critically analyze the strategic role of the Merah Putih Village Cooperative (KDMP) as an instrument for local economic reinforcement and village self-reliance through a governance perspective. Employing a qualitative approach with a library research method, this study reviewed 38 peer-reviewed academic publications and credible policy documents published within the last five years, identified through structured search protocols. The secondary data were analyzed through systematic thematic condensation, governance-dimension coding, and comparative inter-literature synthesis to derive robust conceptual propositions. The findings indicate that KDMP plays a strategic role in consolidating fragmented local supply chains, expanding inclusive micro-financing, and elevating community collective bargaining power against rent-seeking intermediaries. Furthermore, the rigorous institutionalization of good governance principles—specifically transparency, downward accountability, democratic member participation, operational efficiency, and multi-actor collaborative governance—is a fundamental prerequisite for preventing institutional failure and sustaining enterprise viability. Consequently, KDMP functions not merely as an ordinary community-based economic enterprise, but as a vital local governance institution integrating social ownership and market efficiency to achieve resilient, long-term rural self-reliance.

ABSTRAK

Transformasi pembangunan desa pasca-Undang-Undang Desa mendorong penguatan kewenangan, kapasitas fiskal, dan pendayagunaan potensi lokal, tetapi kemandirian desa masih dihadapkan pada ketergantungan transfer pemerintah, keterbatasan akses modal, rendahnya nilai tambah komoditas, dan lemahnya tata kelola kelembagaan ekonomi. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis urgensi pembentukan Koperasi Desa Merah Putih (KDMP) sebagai instrumen penguatan ekonomi lokal dan kemandirian desa dalam tinjauan governance. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode studi kepustakaan (library research) terhadap 38 literatur bereputasi terbitan lima tahun terakhir yang diseleksi melalui protokol penelusuran sistematis. Data sekunder dianalisis melalui tahapan kondensasi data, kategorisasi tematik relasi governance, dan sintesis komparatif antarliteratur guna merumuskan proposisi teoretis yang kredibel. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa KDMP berfungsi strategis dalam mengonsolidasi rantai pasok komoditas desa, memperluas akses pembiayaan mikro inklusif, dan meningkatkan daya tawar kolektif masyarakat terhadap perantara pasar. Penerapan prinsip transparansi, akuntabilitas, partisipasi aktif anggota, efisiensi operasional, dan kolaborasi multipihak (collaborative governance) terbukti menjadi determinan mutlak dalam memitigasi risiko kegagalan kelembagaan dan menjaga keberlanjutan usaha desa. Dengan demikian, KDMP tidak hanya berperan sebagai entitas bisnis kerakyatan, melainkan bertindak sebagai institusi tata kelola yang memadukan kepemilikan sosial dan efisiensi pasar demi mewujudkan kemandirian ekonomi desa yang berdaya tahan.