PENANGANAN GAGAL NAPAS AKUT TIPE 2 PADA KOMORBIDITAS TUBERKULOSIS PARU DAN ASMA: INTERVENSI STRATEGIS UNTUK PENYERTA ANEMIA, GANGGUAN ELEKTROLIT, DAN GANGGUAN ASAM-BASA

Authors

  • Yuli Refita RSI Nashrul Ummah Lamongan
  • Yusuf Agung Nugroho RSI Nashrul Ummah Lamongan
  • Vivi Irma Pratiwi RSI Nashrul Ummah Lamongan

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.51878/healthy.v5i4.15438

Keywords:

Gagal Napas, Tuberkulosis Paru, Anemia, Hipokalemia, Hipernatremia, Asidosis

Abstract

ABSTRACT

Acute type 2 respiratory failure in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) and asthma comorbidity is a complex medical emergency because it may involve impaired oxygenation and ventilation accompanied by various systemic complications. This case report aimed to describe the clinical manifestations, diagnostic findings, management, and clinical progression of a patient with acute type 2 respiratory failure associated with pulmonary TB, asthma, hemoptysis, anemia, electrolyte abnormalities, and acid-base disturbances. A case report was conducted involving a 41-year-old woman who presented with approximately 150 mL of fresh hemoptysis, severe dyspnea, a two-month history of cough, and weight loss. Initial examination revealed a respiratory rate of 35 breaths/minute, oxygen saturation of 40% on room air, and a decline in consciousness from GCS 15 to GCS 13. Laboratory findings demonstrated anemia (hemoglobin 9.3 g/dL), hypokalemia (2.9 mmol/L), hypernatremia (162 mmol/L), and mixed metabolic and respiratory acidosis with a pCO₂ of 122.1 mmHg. Chest radiography showed findings suggestive of pulmonary TB with minimal left pleural effusion. Asthma comorbidity was considered in the management through nebulized salbutamol and budesonide therapy, although specific data regarding asthma history, spirometry, or pulmonary function testing were not available in the analyzed medical records. Management included oxygen therapy, correction of electrolyte and acid-base abnormalities, supportive therapy, hemoptysis control, endotracheal intubation, and mechanical ventilation in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). After approximately 49 hours of mechanical ventilatory support, the patient's clinical condition and arterial blood gas parameters improved, with pCO₂ decreasing from 122.1 mmHg to 33–42.1 mmHg and pH improving from 6.844 to 7.390–7.454, allowing extubation on the third day of treatment. This case demonstrates that acute type 2 respiratory failure in patients with pulmonary TB and asthma comorbidity may be accompanied by hemoptysis and complex systemic abnormalities. Early recognition, airway and ventilatory stabilization, hemoptysis management, correction of systemic abnormalities, and intensive monitoring are essential for achieving clinical stabilization and preventing further deterioration.

ABSTRAK

Gagal napas akut tipe 2 pada pasien dengan komorbiditas tuberkulosis (TBC) paru dan asma merupakan kondisi kegawatdaruratan yang kompleks karena dapat disertai gangguan oksigenasi dan ventilasi serta berbagai komplikasi sistemik. Artikel ini bertujuan menggambarkan manifestasi klinis, hasil pemeriksaan penunjang, penatalaksanaan, dan perkembangan kondisi pasien dengan gagal napas akut tipe 2 yang disertai TBC paru, asma, hemoptisis, anemia, gangguan elektrolit, dan gangguan keseimbangan asam-basa. Metode yang digunakan adalah laporan kasus (case report) pada seorang perempuan berusia 41 tahun yang datang dengan batuk darah merah segar sekitar 150 mL, sesak napas berat, batuk selama dua bulan, dan penurunan berat badan. Pemeriksaan awal menunjukkan frekuensi napas 35 kali/menit, saturasi oksigen 40% pada udara ruangan, serta penurunan kesadaran dari GCS 15 menjadi GCS 13. Pemeriksaan laboratorium menunjukkan anemia (hemoglobin 9,3 g/dL), hipokalemia (2,9 mmol/L), hipernatremia (162 mmol/L), serta gangguan asam-basa berupa asidosis metabolik dan asidosis respiratorik dengan pCO₂ 122,1 mmHg. Pemeriksaan radiografi toraks menunjukkan gambaran yang mengarah pada TBC paru dengan efusi pleura kiri minimal. Komorbiditas asma dipertimbangkan dalam penatalaksanaan melalui pemberian nebulisasi salbutamol dan budesonide, meskipun data spesifik berupa riwayat asma, spirometri, atau pemeriksaan fungsi paru tidak tersedia dalam rekam medis yang dianalisis. Penatalaksanaan meliputi terapi oksigen, koreksi gangguan elektrolit dan asam-basa, terapi suportif, pengendalian hemoptisis, intubasi endotrakeal, serta ventilasi mekanik di Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Setelah sekitar 49 jam mendapatkan dukungan ventilasi mekanik, terjadi perbaikan klinis dan analisis gas darah, dengan penurunan pCO₂ dari 122,1 mmHg menjadi 33–42,1 mmHg dan perbaikan pH dari 6,844 menjadi 7,390–7,454, sehingga pasien dapat diekstubasi pada hari ketiga perawatan. Kasus ini menunjukkan bahwa gagal napas akut tipe 2 pada pasien dengan TBC paru dan komorbiditas asma dapat disertai hemoptisis serta gangguan sistemik yang kompleks. Pengenalan dini, stabilisasi jalan napas dan ventilasi, penanganan hemoptisis, koreksi gangguan sistemik, serta pemantauan intensif diperlukan untuk mencapai stabilisasi klinis dan mencegah perburukan lebih lanjut.

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Published

2026-09-17

How to Cite

Refita, Y., Nugroho, Y. A., & Irma Pratiwi, V. (2026). PENANGANAN GAGAL NAPAS AKUT TIPE 2 PADA KOMORBIDITAS TUBERKULOSIS PARU DAN ASMA: INTERVENSI STRATEGIS UNTUK PENYERTA ANEMIA, GANGGUAN ELEKTROLIT, DAN GANGGUAN ASAM-BASA. HEALTHY : Jurnal Inovasi Riset Ilmu Kesehatan, 5(4), 1266–1277. https://doi.org/10.51878/healthy.v5i4.15438

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