ADAPTASI SOSIAL-EKONOMI MASYARAKAT NELAYAN TERHADAP PERUBAHAN LINGKUNGAN PESISIR

Abstract

ABSTRAK

Perubahan lingkungan pesisir, seperti kenaikan muka air laut, abrasi, degradasi ekosistem, dan meningkatnya cuaca ekstrem, telah menjadi tantangan serius bagi keberlanjutan mata pencaharian masyarakat nelayan, khususnya di wilayah kepulauan terpencil yang memiliki keterbatasan akses terhadap modal, teknologi, informasi, dan layanan pemerintah. Kondisi tersebut mendorong nelayan untuk mengembangkan berbagai strategi adaptasi guna menjaga keberlanjutan ekonomi dan sosial rumah tangga mereka. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi bentuk-bentuk strategi adaptasi sosial-ekonomi masyarakat nelayan di Desa Holimombo Jaya, Kabupaten Buton, serta menganalisis faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi keberhasilan dan hambatan strategi adaptasi tersebut. Penelitian dilaksanakan selama Juni–Agustus 2025 menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan teknik wawancara semi-terstruktur, observasi lapangan, dan dokumentasi. Sebanyak 60 kepala keluarga nelayan dipilih secara purposive sebagai responden penelitian. Analisis data dilakukan menggunakan pendekatan tematik melalui proses transkripsi, pengkodean, kategorisasi, dan penarikan tema utama, serta diperkuat dengan triangulasi sumber dan teknik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nelayan menerapkan lima strategi adaptasi utama, yaitu penyesuaian pola dan waktu melaut, diversifikasi mata pencaharian, penguatan jejaring sosial, pemanfaatan teknologi sederhana, dan pengelolaan sumber daya berbasis kearifan lokal. Strategi-strategi tersebut memberikan dampak ganda, yakni memperkuat ketahanan ekonomi melalui pengurangan kerugian, stabilisasi pendapatan, dan peningkatan efisiensi, serta memperkuat ketahanan sosial melalui peningkatan keselamatan, solidaritas, pembelajaran kolektif, dan kesadaran lingkungan. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa adaptasi nelayan di wilayah terpencil merupakan proses integratif yang melibatkan dimensi ekonomi, sosial, budaya, dan teknologi, sehingga penting dijadikan dasar dalam perumusan kebijakan pembangunan pesisir yang berkelanjutan dan inklusif.

ABSTRACT

Coastal environmental changes, including sea level rise, coastal erosion, ecosystem degradation, and increasing extreme weather events, pose serious challenges to the sustainability of fishing livelihoods, particularly in remote island communities with limited access to capital, technology, information, and government services. These conditions have compelled small-scale fishers to develop various adaptation strategies to maintain their economic and social resilience. This study aims to identify the forms of socio-economic adaptation strategies employed by fishing communities in Holimombo Jaya Village, Buton Regency, and to analyze the factors influencing the success and constraints of these strategies. The research was conducted from June to August 2025 using a qualitative approach through semi-structured interviews, field observations, and documentation. A total of 60 fishing household heads were selected purposively as research participants. Data were analyzed using a thematic approach involving transcription, coding, categorization, and theme development, supported by source and method triangulation. The findings reveal that fishers implement five main adaptation strategies: adjustment of fishing patterns and timing, livelihood diversification, strengthening of social networks, utilization of simple technologies, and resource management based on local wisdom. These strategies generate dual impacts by enhancing economic resilience through reduced losses, income stabilization, and improved operational efficiency, while simultaneously strengthening social resilience through increased safety, solidarity, collective learning, and environmental awareness. The study concludes that adaptation among fishers in remote coastal areas represents an integrative process involving economic, social, cultural, and technological dimensions, and therefore should serve as an empirical basis for formulating sustainable and inclusive coastal development policies.