GENEALOGI KUASA DAN PENGETAHUAN: DEKONSTRUKSI PERAN MADRASAH SEBAGAI INSTRUMEN HEGEMONI IDEOLOGI NEGARA PADA MASA DINASTI ABBASIYAH
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51878/educational.v6i2.10078Keywords:
Genealogi, Madrasah, Dinasti Abbasiyah, Hegemoni, Kuasa-PengetahuanAbstract
The struggle between educational institutions and political power structures is a historical phenomenon that demands a critical reading of the power-knowledge relationship within the classical Islamic civilizational tradition. This research aims to deconstruct the role of the madrasah as an instrument of state ideological hegemony during the Abbasid Dynasty. Utilizing a qualitative-historical design with a Foucauldian genealogical approach, this study uncovers how the madrasah was operated as a discursive apparatus to produce a "regime of truth". Data were sourced from a corpus of primary texts, including classical Arabic manuscripts, waqfiyah documents, and prosopographical analysis of scholarly biographies. The research findings indicate that: (1) the institutionalization of the madrasah, particularly the Nizamiyah network, functioned as a technology of power to consolidate Sunni orthodoxy and eliminate alternative narratives; (2) the system of waqf patronage and the bureaucratization of the ijazah created a structural dependence of the ulema on the state, thereby limiting intellectual autonomy ; and (3) there were dynamics of resistance from alternative institutions, such as Sufi ribats, which offered spiritual autonomy outside of state hegemonic control. This research concludes that the madrasah was not merely a neutral institution for knowledge transmission, but rather a technology of governmentality that regulated religious subjects to align with the state’s political agenda. The implications of this study offer a critical framework for the analysis of the politics of knowledge within contemporary Islamic educational institutions.
ABSTRAK
Pergumulan antara institusi pendidikan dan struktur kekuasaan politik merupakan fenomena historis yang menuntut pembacaan kritis terhadap relasi kuasa-pengetahuan dalam tradisi peradaban Islam klasik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendekonstruksi peran madrasah sebagai instrumen hegemoni ideologi negara pada masa Dinasti Abbasiyah. Dengan menggunakan desain kualitatif-historis dan pendekatan genealogi Foucauldian, studi ini membongkar bagaimana madrasah dioperasikan sebagai aparatus diskursif untuk memproduksi "rezim kebenaran". Data bersumber dari korpus teks primer seperti manuskrip Arab klasik, dokumen waqfiyah, serta analisis prosopografis terhadap biografi ulama. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) institusionalisasi madrasah, khususnya jaringan Nizamiyah, berfungsi sebagai teknologi kekuasaan untuk mengonsolidasi ortodoksi Sunni dan mengeliminasi narasi alternatif; (2) sistem patronase wakaf dan birokratisasi ijazah menciptakan ketergantungan struktural ulama terhadap negara yang membatasi otonomi intelektual; dan (3) terdapat dinamika resistensi dari institusi alternatif seperti ribat sufi yang menawarkan otonomi spiritual di luar kontrol hegemonik negara. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa madrasah bukan sekadar lembaga transmisi pengetahuan netral, melainkan teknologi governmentality yang mengatur subjek religius agar selaras dengan agenda politik negara. Implikasi studi ini menawarkan kerangka kritis bagi analisis politik pengetahuan dalam institusi pendidikan Islam kontemporer.
Downloads
References
Adeyeye, G. M. (2024). A critical analysis of mitchel foucault’s perspective on governmentality and higher education. E-Journal of Humanities Arts and Social Sciences, 5(11), 1945–1954. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ehass/article/view/301638
Affan, M., Somad, A., Basuni, A., & Sahidah, A. (2026). Epistemologi Pesantren sebagai Tradisi Pengetahuan Praksis: Otoritas, Habitus, dan Produksi Ilmu. Al Yasini: Jurnal Keislaman, Sosial, Hukum Dan Pendidikan, 11(01), 81. https://doi.org/10.55102/alyasini.v11i01.7219
Al Harthi, S. S. H. (2024). The Evolving Nature of the Madrasa as an Urban Catalyst and Center of Scientific Knowledge: A Foucauldian Genealogy in Historical Development. Hamad Bin Khalifa University (Qatar). https://www.proquest.com/openview/6b0d9a09884d4697bbaaf64dd94be82d/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2026366&diss=y
Amir, A. N., & Rahman, T. A. (2025). Dynamics of Muktazilah Theological Thought. Asketik: Jurnal Agama Dan Perubahan Sosial, 9(1), 1–15. https://jurnalfuda.iainkediri.ac.id/index.php/asketik/article/view/2624
Anggara, A. A., Kaukab, M. E., & Imron, A. (2025). Among the Umayyad, Abbasid, and Ottoman Empires: How Did the Islamic Economy Perform? A Historical Review from 600 AD. Zhurnal Belorusskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta. Istoriya, 7(2), 80–89.
https://doi.org/10.65967/5j4ba091
Aniq, A. F. (2023). A Historiographical Analysis of Al-Ma’m?n’s Motives in the Mi?na. Islamica: Jurnal Studi Keislaman, 18(1), 99–114. https://doi.org/10.15642/islamica.2023.18.1.99-114
Aziz, A. (2023). Constructing Ideological Authority: A Study on the Radical and Moderate Muslim Middle Classes in the Contemporary Politics of Indonesian Islam. https://research.tilburguniversity.edu/en/publications/constructing-ideological-authority-a-study-on-the-radical-and-mod/
Baryar, M. J., & Hurbik, K. (2026). Patriarchy As Interpretation: Reclaiming Women’s Religious Authority In Aamir Hussain’s Under The Full And Crescent Moon. Contemporary Journal of Social Science Review, 4(1), 398–407. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Katsiaryna-Hurbik/publication/401666061
Bunyamin, U., Ikrima, W. F. W., Sidik, P., Fitri, N., Zuhri, M. T., & Munawaroh, N. (2025). Perkembangan Pemikiran dan Peradaban dalam Islam. Pendas: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Dasar, 10(02), 240–252. https://journal.unpas.ac.id/index.php/pendas/article/view/26698
H.E. Bahruddin dan Asep Saepul H. (2016). Metodologi Penelitian Kuantitatif (Aplikasi Dalam Pendidikan). In Deeppublish. Deepublish.
Hafmi, F., & Hanafi, M. (2024). History of the Early Establishment of the Abbasiyah Dynasty. Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 1(2), 65–80. https://doi.org/10.70938/judikis.v1i2.35
Harcourt, B. E. (2025). On critical genealogy. Contemporary Political Theory, 24(2), 167–185.
https://doi.org/10.1057/s41296-024-00715-y
Hikmah, A., Fauziah, N., Yahya, M. R., & Sujana, A. M. (2025). Jejak Kekuasaan Dinasti Fatimiyah: Perebutan Maghribi, Penaklukan Mesir, dan Munculnya Sekte Darazi. AL-MUSTAQBAL: Jurnal Agama Islam, 2(2), 109–125. https://ibnusinapublisher.org/index.php/AL-MUSTAQBAL/article/view/151
Ikbal, M., Ismail, F., Zuhdiyah, Z., & Sukardi, I. (2025). The Intellectual Legacy of Islam: The Evolution of Educational Institutions from the Classical to the Medieval Period. TOFEDU: The Future of Education Journal, 4(4), 980–991. https://journal.tofedu.or.id/index.php/journal/article/view/677
Inayati, I. N., Munib, A., Rouhullah, J. A., Kulsum, U., Shodikin, E. N., Irwan, I., Burhanuddin, H., Rohmah, N., & Nurseha, A. (2025). Isu-Isu Terkini Pendidikan Agama Islam. Yayasan Pendidikan Hidayatun Nihayah. http://eprints.unwahas.ac.id/id/eprint/4207
Indah, F., Choirunnisak, C., Yusman, Y., Arifin, F. M., & Ashani, S. (2025). Science, Power, and Legitimacy: The Political Role of Rulers in the Dynamics of the Development of Science in the Classical Islamic World (Abbasid–Andalusian). Al-Qarawiyyin: Jurnal Ilmu Ushuluddin, 1(4), 273–287. https://doi.org/10.64691/ywd7ca03
Iqbal, M. M. (2024). Anatomi Pemikiran Kontemporer: Dari Foucault, Derrida, Bourdieu, & Perkembangannya. Anak Hebat Indonesia.
Jamridafrizal, J., Yuldelasharmi, Y., Zulfitri, Z., Fitri, I., & Fuadisman, F. (2025). Perpustakaan Islam Dari Era Iqra’Ke Era Digital Resiliensi Dan Adaptasi (M. I. L. . Dr. Alfida (ed.)). Yayasan Pendidikan dan Sosial Indonesia Maju (YPSIM). https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jamridafrizal/publication/399335352
Khan, R. (2023). Al-Ma’mun and the Islamic Inquisition: Unravelling the Threads of His Motives. Pakistan Journal of Society, Education and Language (PJSEL), 9(2), 435–448. https://jehanf.com/pjsel/index.php/journal/article/view/1195
Lewis, K. V. (2024). Power, youth, and temporality: capitalising on the symbolic in resourcing social entrepreneurship. Social Enterprise Journal, 20(5), 701–718. https://doi.org/10.1108/SEJ-08-2023-0097
Listiorini, D. (2024). Penggunaan Metode Arkeologi Foucauldian untuk Studi-Studi Media. Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi, 21(2). https://doi.org/10.24002/jik.v21i2.8794
Lorenzini, D. (2024). On possibilising genealogy. Inquiry, 67(7), 2175–2196. https://doi.org/10.1080/0020174X.2020.1712227
Makdisi, G. (2019). The Rise of Colleges. Edinburgh University Press.
Matthew B. Miles, A. Michael Huberman, Johnny Saldaña, A. S. U. (2014). Qualitative data analysis. SAGE Publications, Inc.
Munfarida, E. (2014). Analisis wacana kritis dalam perspektif Norman Fairclough. Komunika: Jurnal Dakwah Dan Komunikasi, 8(1), 1–19. https://web.archive.org/web/20170125120023id_/http://ejournal.iainpurwokerto.ac.id:80/index.php/komunika/article/viewFile/746/640
Musa, T. (2022). Madrasah in Yorubaland and National Development: A Critique of Its System and Contributions. Kwara State University (Nigeria). https://www.proquest.com/openview/92e74546df9bd14e73e27d24e2f35ab6/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2026366&diss=y
Oglu Ismayilkhanli, R. A. (2025). The Formation of Legal Thought and Governance Issues in the Medieval Islamic World. Porta Universorum, 1(2), 56–64. https://doi.org/10.69760/portuni.010207
Özçelik, T. G. (2025). An Islamically Toned Neoliberal Hegemony Project: The Justice and Development Party (AKP) in Turkey. Society, 62(4), 501–511. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12115-025-01078-9
Pamalingan, M. J., & Talli, A. H. (2025). Penegakan Wilayah Al-Mazalim pada Era Dinasti Umayyah, Abbasiyah, dan Turki Ustmani. Al-Qaw?n?n: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, Syariah, Dan Pengkajian Islam, 2(1), 78–96. https://jurnal.dayahsua.com/index.php/alqawanin/article/view/27
Pohl, W., & Wieser, V. (2023). Introduction: The Emergence of New Polities in the Shadows of Empire. Emerging Powers in Eurasian Comparison. Shadows of Empire, 200–1100.
https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004519916_002
Rahman, A., & Nurjannah, M. A. (2025). Sejarah pemikiran pendidikan Islam. Greenbook Publisher.
Rockhill, G. (2020). Foucault, genealogy, counter-history. Theory & Event, 23(1), 85–119. https://doi.org/10.1353/tae.2020.0004
Rofi, M. (2025). Dynamics in Classical Islamic Education: Between Nonformal Autonomy and Madrasah Hegemony (650–1250 CE). Sunan Kalijaga International Journal on Islamic Educational Research, 9(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.14421/skijier.2025.91.01
Rofiq, A. (2022). Analysis of The Causes of The Disintegration of The Government of The Abbasiyah Dynasty (1000 M-1250 M). Devotion: Journal of Research and Community Service, 3(3), 196–203. https://doi.org/10.36418/dev.v3i3.111
Rosyada, D., Zalnur, M., & Sartini, T. (2025). Reformasi Pendidikan Islam Di Pakistan: Ketegangan Antara Konservatisme Agama Dan Tuntutan Global. Kartika: Jurnal Studi Keislaman, 5(2), 861–877.
https://lptnunganjuk.com/ojs/index.php/kartika/article/view/241
Sesay, M. G. (2024). The Patrimonialism of Corruption and the Corruption of Patrimonialism: An Analysis of the Bases of Normative Deviations in Sierra Leone. In The Diverse Facets of Corruption in Sierra Leone (pp. 37–52). Springer. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-52958-0_3
Siswati, E. (2017). Anatomi teori hegemoni antonio gramsci. Translitera: Jurnal Kajian Komunikasi Dan Studi Media, 5(1), 11–33.
Soetomo, G. (2024). Knowledge and Power in Islamic Historiography: A Dialectical Reading through the Lens of Michel Foucault. Jurnal Fuaduna: Jurnal Kajian Keagamaan Dan Kemasyarakatan, 8(2), 206–218.
https://ejournal.uinbukittinggi.ac.id/index.php/fuaduna/article/view/9331
Solak, M. C. (2025). The Societal Epistemology of Artificial Intelligence: The Rise of Algorithmic Authority in the Production of Knowledge in the Social Sciences. ?nsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Ara?t?rmalar? Dergisi, 14(4), 144–160.
https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/itobiad/article/1730658
Solichin, M. M., Nurhadi, A., Muhlis, A., Alim, W. S., & Rosyid, M. Z. (2021). Al-Tahlîl al-Qânûnî Li Himâyati al-Qânûniyah wa Mihnati al-Mu-allim fî Adâi wajibâtihim: Dirâsah Muta-addidah al-Mawâqi- li al-Madâris alDîniyah al-Dâkhilah fî Bîati al-Ma-âhid al-Islâmiyah Pamekasan. Al-Ihkam: Jurnal Hukum Dan Pranata Sosial, 16(2), 525–557. https://doi.org/10.19105/al-lhkam.v16i2.5159
Worku, M. Y. (2025). Hybrid governmentality: A Foucauldian analysis of power-knowledge dynamics in Ethiopian education system (1991–2018). Power and Education, 17577438251411476. https://doi.org/10.1177/17577438251411477
?????, ?. ?. (2025). ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????. Journal of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies, 15(6).
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 EDUCATIONAL : Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan & Pengajaran
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
