TINJAUAN ARTIKEL PENGARUH DIABETES MELLITUS TERHADAP KEBERHASILAN DAN STABILITAS IMPLANT GIGI
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51878/cendekia.v5i3.6436Keywords:
dental implant, diabetes mellitus, laporan kasusAbstract
Dental implants are the latest and most effective restorative solution for replacing missing teeth. However, their success rate can be significantly affected by the patient's systemic conditions, particularly diabetes mellitus, which can inhibit bone osseointegration if blood glucose levels are uncontrolled. This background encourages the need for in-depth investigation of strategies to improve implant survival in this at-risk population. This study, structured as a literature review, specifically focuses on analyzing methods and techniques that can optimize the success of dental implants in people with diabetes. The research phase involved a systematic review of scientific articles from the PubMed and Google Scholar databases published between 2019 and 2024, analyzing cases of diabetic patients who received immediate post-extraction implant treatment. The main findings indicate that good osseointegration can be achieved through the technique of placing implants directly into the new extraction socket, particularly in the anterior mandible. This success is significantly supported by the use of advanced regenerative materials, such as the combination of freeze-dried bone allograft (FDBA) with injectable platelet-rich fibrin (i-PRF), which has been shown to effectively stimulate bone and periodontal tissue regeneration even in cases of aggressive periodontitis. Furthermore, the use of longer implants, a collagen membrane in the posterior area, and supportive protocols such as prophylactic antibiotics and 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthwash play a significant role in minimizing the risk of inflammation. In conclusion, although diabetic patients have a higher risk of implant failure, the application of appropriate and personalized treatment methods—including surgical techniques, regenerative materials, and long-term maintenance—can achieve very high success rates of up to 97.6%. These results underscore the importance of comprehensive individualized treatment planning and careful evaluation of the patient's systemic condition to ensure the long-term success of implant restorations.
ABSTRAK
Implan gigi merupakan solusi restoratif terkini dan paling efektif untuk menggantikan gigi yang hilang, namun tingkat keberhasilannya dapat sangat dipengaruhi oleh kondisi sistemik pasien, terutama diabetes mellitus, yang dapat menghambat proses osseointegrasi tulang jika kadar glukosa darah tidak terkendali. Latar belakang ini mendorong perlunya investigasi mendalam terhadap strategi untuk meningkatkan ketahanan implan pada populasi berisiko ini. Penelitian ini, yang disusun sebagai studi literatur, secara spesifik berfokus pada analisis metode dan teknik yang dapat mengoptimalkan keberhasilan implan gigi pada penderita diabetes. Tahapan penelitian melibatkan peninjauan sistematis terhadap artikel ilmiah dari database PubMed dan Google Scholar yang dipublikasikan antara tahun 2019 hingga 2024, menganalisis kasus-kasus pasien diabetes yang menerima perawatan implan segera pasca-ekstraksi. Temuan utama menunjukkan bahwa osseointegrasi yang baik dapat dicapai melalui teknik pemasangan implan secara langsung pada soket ekstraksi baru, terutama di area anterior mandibula. Keberhasilan ini didukung secara signifikan oleh penggunaan material regeneratif canggih, seperti kombinasi freeze-dried bone allograft (FDBA) dengan injectable platelet-rich fibrin (i-PRF), yang terbukti efektif merangsang regenerasi tulang dan jaringan periodontal bahkan pada kasus periodontitis agresif. Selain itu, penggunaan implan yang lebih panjang, membran kolagen pada area posterior, serta protokol pendukung seperti pemberian antibiotik profilaksis dan obat kumur klorheksidin 0,12% turut berperan penting dalam meminimalkan risiko inflamasi. Kesimpulannya, meskipun pasien diabetes memiliki risiko kegagalan implan yang lebih tinggi, penerapan metode perawatan yang tepat dan terpersonalisasi—mencakup teknik bedah, material regeneratif, dan pemeliharaan jangka panjang—dapat mencapai tingkat keberhasilan yang sangat tinggi hingga 97,6%. Hasil ini menggarisbawahi pentingnya perencanaan perawatan individual yang komprehensif dan evaluasi kondisi sistemik pasien secara cermat untuk memastikan kesuksesan jangka panjang restorasi implan.
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